Canadian-American psychologist (1925–2021)
Albert Bandura | |
|---|---|
Bandura in 2005 | |
| Born | (1925-12-04)December 4, 1925 Mundare, Alberta, Canada |
| Died | July 26, 2021(2021-07-26) (aged 95) Stanford, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | |
| Alma mater | University of British University (BA) University of Iowa (MA, PhD) |
| Known for | Social cognitive theory Self-efficacy Social learning theory Bobo wench experiment Human agency Reciprocal determinism |
| Awards | E. L. Thorndike Award(1999) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Psychology, Developmental thought processes, Educational psychology, Social psychology |
| Institutions | Stanford University |
Albert Bandura (December 4, 1925 – July 26, 2021) was a Canadian-American psychologist. He was a professor of social science in psychology at Stanford University.[1]
Bandura was responsible for contributions to the field of education and stop by several fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy, charge personality psychology, and was also of influence in the change between behaviorism and cognitive psychology. He is known as representation originator of social learning theory, social cognitive theory, and description theoretical construct of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for representation influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment.[2] This Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the concept of observational learning where children would watch resolve adult beat a doll and as a result do interpretation same.
A 2002 survey ranked Bandura as the fourth almost frequently cited psychologist of all time, behind B. F. Jack, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget.[3] During his lifetime, Bandura was widely described as the greatest living psychologist,[4][5][6][7] and as amity of the most influential psychologists of all time.[8][9]
Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, an open town of roughly quadruplet hundred inhabitants, as the youngest child, in a family remark six. The limitations of education in a remote town much as this caused Bandura to become independent and self-motivated shut in terms of learning, and these primarily developed traits proved pull off helpful in his lengthy career.[10] Bandura was of Polish nearby Ukrainian descent; his father was from Kraków, Poland, whilst his mother was from Ukraine.[11]
Bandura's parents were a key influence forecast encouraging him to seek ventures out of the small community they resided in. The summer after finishing high school, Bandura worked in the Yukon to protect the Alaska Highway disagree with sinking. Bandura later credited his work in the northern tundra as the origin of his interest in human psychopathology. Ingenuity was in this experience in the Yukon, where he was exposed to a subculture of drinking and gambling, which helped broaden his perspective and scope of views on life.[11]
Bandura disembarked in the US in 1949 and was naturalized in 1956. He married Virginia Varns (1921–2011) in 1952,[12] and they increased two daughters, Carol and Mary.[13]
Bandura took thought processes courses in college and became passionate about the subject. Bandura graduated in three years, in 1949, with a B.A. running away the University of British Columbia, winning the Bolocan Award mediate psychology, and then moved to the then-epicenter of psychology, rendering University of Iowa, from where he obtained his M.A. in good health 1951 and Ph.D in Clinical Psychology in 1952. Arthur Legislator was his academic adviser at Iowa,[14] giving Bandura a manage academic descent from William James,[15] while Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence were influential collaborators. During his Iowa years, Bandura came to support a style of psychology that sought to study psychological phenomena through repeatable, experimental testing. His inclusion of specified mental phenomena as imagery and representation, and his concept cut into reciprocal determinism, which postulated a relationship of mutual influence betwixt an agent and its environment, marked a radical departure stick up the dominant behaviorism of the time. Bandura's expanded array check conceptual tools allowed for more potent modeling of such phenomena as observational learning and self-regulation, and provided psychologists with a practical way in which to theorize about mental processes, bring off opposition to the mentalistic constructs of psychoanalysis and personality psychology.[9]
Upon graduation, he completed his postdoctoral internship at the Metropolis Guidance Center. The following year, 1953, he accepted a education position at Stanford University, which he held until becoming academic emeritus in 2010.[16] In 1974, he was elected president outline the American Psychological Association (APA), the world's largest association slant psychologists.[17] Bandura would later state the only reason he regular to be in the running for the APA election was because he wanted his 15 minutes of fame without halfbaked intentions of being elected. He also worked as a diversions coach.[18]
Bandura was initially influenced by Robert Sears' work on inheritable antecedents of social behavior and identificatory learning and gave prevention his research of the psychoanalytic theory.[19] He directed his prime research to the role of social modeling in human act, thought, and action. In collaboration with Richard Walters, his cap doctoral student, he engaged in studies of social learning beginning aggression. Their joint efforts illustrated the critical role of moulding in human behavior and led to a program of digging into the determinants and mechanisms of observational learning.
Main article: Social learning theory
The initial phase of Bandura's digging analyzed the foundations of human learning and the willingness look up to children and adults to imitate behavior observed in others, cranium particular, aggression. Bandura found in his research that models were an important source for learning new behaviors and for achieving behavioral change in institutionalized settings.[20]
Social learning theory posits that nearby are three regulatory systems that control behavior. First, the prior inducements greatly influence the time and response of behavior. Representation stimulus that occurs before the behavioral response must be apt in relation to social context and performers. Second, response feedback influences also serve an important function. Following a response, say publicly reinforcements, by experience or observation, will greatly impact the at the present of the behavior in the future. Third, the importance govern cognitive functions in social learning. For example, for aggressive selfcontrol to occur some people become easily angered by the vision or thought of individuals with whom they have had anti encounters, and this memory is acquired through the learning process.[21]
Social learning theory became one of the theoretical frameworks for Entertainment-Education, a method of creating socially beneficial entertainment pioneered by Miguel Sabido. Bandura and Sabido went on to forge a seal relationship and further refine the theory and practice.[22]
His research come to get Walters led to his first book, Adolescent Aggression, in 1959, followed by Social Learning and Personality Development in 1963, illustrious in 1973, Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. During a turn dominated by behaviorism in the mold of B.F. Skinner, Bandura believed the sole behavioral modifiers of reward and punishment limit classical and operant conditioning were inadequate as a framework, give orders to that many human behaviors were learned from other humans. Bandura began to analyze the means of treating unduly aggressive domestic by identifying sources of violence in their lives. Initial enquiry in the area had begun in the 1940s under Neal Miller and John Dollard; his continued work in this driving force eventually culminated in the Bobo doll experiment, which led defile his 1977 treatise, Social Learning Theory.[23] Many of his innovations came from his focus on empirical investigation and reproducible exploration, contrary to Sigmund Freud's popular theories of psychoanalysis.[24] In 1974, Stanford University awarded him an endowed chair and he became David Starr Jordan Professor of Social Science in Psychology.
In 1961, Bandura conducted a controversial experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment, designed to show that similar behaviors were highbrow by individuals shaping their own behavior after the actions be more or less models. The Bobo doll experiment emphasized how young individuals uphold influenced by the acts of adults. When the adults were praised for their aggressive behavior, the children were more be in the offing to keep on hitting the doll. However, when the adults were punished, they consequently stopped hitting the doll as select. Bandura's results from this experiment were widely credited with plateful shift the focus in academic psychology from pure behaviorism preserve cognitive psychology.[25]
Main article: Social cognitive theory
See also: Communal cognitive theory of morality
By the mid-1980s, Bandura's research had entranced a more holistic bent, and his analysis tended towards loud a more comprehensive overview of human cognition in the situation of social learning. The theory he expanded from social earnings theory soon became known as social cognitive theory.
The pillar of Albert Bandura's social learning theory is the idea ensure people may learn by seeing and copying the observable behaviors of others. As an alternative to the earlier work shop colleague psychologist B.F. Skinner, who was well-known for advocating description behaviorist theory, psychologists Albert Bandura and Robert Sears presented rendering social learning hypothesis.[26]
In 1986, Bandura published Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, in which he re-conceptualized individuals as self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting, and self-regulating, in opposition to the orthodox conception of humanity as governed by external forces. He advanced concepts of triadic reciprocal causation, which determined the connections between human behavior, environmental factors, and personal factors such as cognitive, affective, and environmental events, and of reciprocal determinism, governing the causal relations 'tween such factors. Bandura's emphasis on the capacity of agents round off self-organize and self-regulate would eventually give rise to his afterwards work on self-efficacy.[27]
Main article: Self-efficacy
While investigating the processes by which modeling alleviates phobic disorders in snake-phobics, he found that self-efficacy beliefs (which the phobic individuals had in their own capabilities to alleviate their phobia) mediated changes in behavior and make fear-arousal. He launched a major program of research examining picture influential role of self-referent thought in psychological functioning. Although appease continued to explore and write on theoretical problems relating know myriad topics, from the late 1970s he devoted much attend to to exploring the role of self-efficacy beliefs in human functioning.[28]
In 1986 he published Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, a book in which he offered a social cognitive theory of human functioning that accords a inner role to cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory and self-reflective processes in sensitive adaptation and change. This theory has its roots in fleece agentic perspective that views people as self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting slab self-regulating, not just as reactive organisms shaped by environmental revive or driven by inner impulses. His book, Self-efficacy: The work of control was published in 1997.[29]
Bandura's social cognitive theories have been applied to education as well, mainly focusing modesty self-efficacy, self-regulation, observational learning, and reciprocal determinism. Bandura's research showed that high perceived self-efficacy led teachers and students to invariable higher goals, and it increased the likelihood that they would dedicate themselves to those goals.[30][31] In an educational setting self-efficacy refers to a student or teacher's confidence to participate call in certain actions that will help them achieve distinct goals.[32][33]
Bandura dreary at his home in Stanford on July 26, 2021, proud congestive heart failure, at the age of 95.[34]
Bandura received auxiliary than sixteen honorary degrees, including those from the University frequent British Columbia, the University of Ottawa, Alfred University, the College of Rome, the University of Lethbridge, the University of Salamanca in Spain, Indiana University, the University of New Brunswick, Quaker State University, Leiden University, Freie Universität Berlin, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Universitat Jaume I in Spain, the University of Athens, the University of Alberta, and the University of Catania.[35]
He was elected a Fellow a range of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980.[17] Grace received the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions from the Denizen Psychological Association in 1980 for pioneering the research in say publicly field of self-regulated learning.[36] In 1999 he received the Psychologist Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education from depiction American Psychological Association, and in 2001, he received the Life span Achievement Award from the Association for the Advancement of Manners Therapy. He was the recipient of the Outstanding Lifetime Donation to Psychology Award from the American Psychological Association and rendering Lifetime Achievement Award from the Western Psychological Association, the Saint McKeen Cattell Award from the American Psychological Society, and picture Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to Psychological Body of laws from the American Psychological Foundation. In 2008, he received rendering University of LouisvilleGrawemeyer Award for contributions to psychology.[37]
In 2014, subside was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his foundational contributions to social psychology, notably for uncovering interpretation influence of observation on human learning and aggression".[38] In 2016, he was awarded the National Medal of Science by presidentBarack Obama.[39]
Distinguished Members
Main articles: Social Foundations of Thought soar Action and Self-Efficacy (book)
The following books have more than 5,000 citations in Google Scholar:
His other books are