Lower house of the Parliament of India
For the upper homestead, see Rajya Sabha. For current list of Lok Sabha associates, see List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha.
Lok Sabha | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
Speaker | Om Birla, BJP |
Deputy Speaker | Vacant |
Leader of the House | Narendra Modi, BJP |
Leader of Opposition | Rahul Gandhi, INC |
Secretary General | Utpal Kumar Singh |
| Seats | 543 |
By party By alliance | |
Political groups | Government (293)
Opposition (249)
|
Length of term | 5 years |
Voting system | First past interpretation post |
First election | 25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952 |
Last election | 19 Apr – 1 June 2024 |
Next election | On or before May 2029 |
| Lok Sabha Chamber, Sansad Bhavan, 118, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, Metropolis, India – 110001 28°37′3″N77°12′30″E / 28.61750°N 77.20833°E / 28.61750; 77.20833 | |
| sansad.in/ls | |
| Constitution of India | |
| The Rules of Procedure and Conduct reminiscent of Business in Lok Sabha (English) | |
The Lok Sabha, also known hoot the House of the People, is the lower house take possession of India's bicameralParliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an fullgrown universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their specific constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years strive for until the body is dissolved by the president on say publicly advice of the council of ministers. The house meets fence in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Parliament House, New City.
The maximum membership of the House allotted by the Assembly of India is 552[2] (Initially, in 1950, it was 500.) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filled harsh the election of up to 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, two additional members of the Anglo-Indian community were also nominated by the President of India on the opinion of the Government of India, which was abolished in Jan 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.[3][4] The different parliament has a seating capacity of 888 for Lok Sabha.[5]
A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives reinforce Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum escort the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five life from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, longstanding a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period could be extended by Parliament by law or decree.[6][7]
An exercise tote up redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries is carried out by picture Boundary Delimitation Commission of India every decade based on description Indian census, the last of which was conducted in 2011.[8] This exercise earlier also included redistribution of seats among states based on demographic changes but that provision of the authorization of the commission was suspended in 1976 following a organic amendment to incentivize the family planning program which was for one person implemented.[9] The 18th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2024 and is the latest to date.[10]
The Lok Sabha proceedings classic televised live on channel Sansad TV, headquartered within the premises of Parliament.[11]
A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was slip up British rule from 1858 to 1947.[12] During this period, interpretation office of the Secretary of State for India (along take up again the Council of India) was the authority through whom Brits Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and say publicly office of Viceroy of India was created, along with resolve Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of rendering British government. The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Assembly and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and inflated the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts accumulated the representation of Indians in the government, their power remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Settlement 1909 admitted some Indians to the various councils. The Management of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, creating the Central Legislative Assembly, for which Parliament House, New Delhi, was built and opened in 1927.[13]
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and future a federal structure in India.[14] The Indian Independence Act 1947, passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, separate British India (which did not include the Princely states) be converted into two newly independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were extinguish be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into bend over for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having emperor powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.[citation needed]
The Organisation of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to produce a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles find time for the law of the land which would govern India mend its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan.[citation needed]
According to Article 79 (Part V-The Union.) of the Constitution of India, the Assembly of India consists of the President of India and depiction two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).[15]
The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted work the first time on 17 April 1952 after the foremost General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 Feb 1952.[16]
See also: Election Commission of India
Article 84 (under Part V. – The Union)[17] of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for work out a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
However, a member can be disqualified from being a member hold sway over Parliament:
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during the hard functioning of the House):
Furthermore, as per article 101 (Part V.—The Union)[18] regard the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:
Members of the Lok Sabha splinter directly elected by the people of India, based on ubiquitous suffrage. Elections are by the people directly to the Lok Sabha and each state is divided into territorial constituencies foul up two provisions of the Constitution:
Notes:
The Lok Sabha has certain powers think about it make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.
In conclusion, the Lok Sabha is more energetic than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even concentrated those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Castles on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more staying power due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical matching parliamentary democracies, many of which have a lower house think about it is more powerful than the upper.
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to put on the back burner there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The columns of business, a notice of which is received from rendering Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are objective in the daily List of Business which is printed stomach circulated to members in advance.
The period during which picture House meets to conduct its business is called a outburst. The Constitution empowers the President to summon each House rot such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament be obliged meet at least twice a year. But, three sessions hostilities Lok Sabha are held in a year:
When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. On some days the sittings are continuously held steer clear of observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 p.m. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other squinting holidays.
The first hour of every sitting is cryed Question Hour. Asking questions in Parliament is the free cope with unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they haw ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration pointer government policy in the national and international spheres. Every clergyman whose turn it is to answer questions has to spot up and answer for his department's acts of omission vague commission.
Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred, and Short Excuse. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is illustrious by an asterisk mark. An unstarred question is not hailed for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to much a question is given in writing. A minimum period subtract notice for starred/unstarred questions is 10 clear days. If picture questions given notice are admitted by the Speaker, they update listed and printed for an answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of picture question pertains.
The normal period of notice does not fasten to short-notice questions that relate to matters of urgent leak out importance. However, a short-notice question may be answered only site short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and description Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter spy. A short-notice question is taken up for answer immediately care for the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.
The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to wool known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to interpretation Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of formal importance take place from 2 p.m. onwards.
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous columns of work before proceeding to the main business of picture day. These may consist of one or more of description following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers come up to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages take from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Concentrate Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Formal Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions with reference to elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.
The main business of the day may be consideration chide a bill or financial business or consideration of a resolve or a motion.
Legislative proposals in the form confront a bill can be brought forward either by a vicar or by an individual member. In the former case, do business is known as a government bill and in the plaster case, it is known as a private members' bill. At times bill passes through three stages—each called readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both rendering houses of Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.
The act, discussion of, and voting on the annual general and railways budgets—followed by the passing of the appropriations Bill and picture finance bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during fraudulence budget session every year.
Among other kinds epitome business that come up before the House are resolutions soar motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by interpretation government or by individual members. The government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the house on an important situation of policy or a grave situation. Similarly, an individual colleague may move a resolution or motion to draw the bring together of the house and the government to a particular tension. The last two and half hours of sitting every Fri are generally allotted for the transaction of individual members' dealing. While private members' bills are taken up on one Fri, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Fri, and so on.
Most of the business of trade a bill or amendments is initially discussed and debated bit the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is prefer, the work of all departments of the government and whatever special focus tasks are delegated to the committees, wherein rendering committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment reawaken consideration by both the houses. They consist of members method both houses.
There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature:-
A half-an-hour discussion can be raised on a matter of skimpy public importance which has been the subject of a brandnew question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether say publicly question was answered orally or the answer was laid lid the Table of the House and the answer which wishes elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more by half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Mostly, the half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to elevate not more than two half-hour discussions. During the discussion, description member, who has given notice, makes a short statement, promote not more than four members, who have intimated earlier near have secured one of the four places on the future, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the minister makes replies. In attendance is no formal motion before the house nor voting.
Members may raise discussions alarm matters of urgent public importance with the permission of say publicly Speaker. Such discussions may take place two days a hebdomad. No formal motion is moved in the House nor testing there any voting on such a discussion.
After the member who initiates discussion on an item grip business has spoken, other members can speak on that point of business in such order as the Speaker may buyingoff upon them. Only one member can speak at a offend and all speeches are directed to the chair. A sum requiring the decision of the House is decided to enrol a question put by the Speaker on a motion prefab by a member.
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Commonly, when a motion is put to the House members provision and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" officer "No" from their seats. The chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or discarded by the House. If a member challenges the decision, say publicly chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the partitionment bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House lecturer Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a fraction minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from employment sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to say publicly Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave description Chamber till the division is over. Then the chair puts the question for a second time and declares whether pimple its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. Postulate the opinion so declared is again challenged, the chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Ballot Recording Equipment.
With the announcement of description Speaker for recording the votes, the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a keyboard. Then a bell sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of description three pushbuttons fixed in their seat. The push switch ought to be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for representation second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the chamber. Each vote cast by a 1 is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results bony flashed on the result indicator boards installed in the railings of the Speakers and diplomatic galleries.
Divisions are normally held with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment. Where positive directed by the Speaker in terms of the relevant furnishing in the Rules of Procedure etc. In the Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by the distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or indifferent to the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an indicator board in the machine room screening the name of each member. The result of the branch and vote cast by each member with the aid attention automatic vote recording equipment also appear on this board captain immediately a photograph of the indicator board is taken. Late the photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the whisper of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha debates.
Three versions of Lok Sabha debates are prepared: depiction Hindi version, the English version, and the original version. Single the Hindi and English versions are printed. The original trade, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library bring back record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all questions asked and answers are given thereto and speeches made) directive Hindi and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English figurative regional languages. The English version contains proceedings in English paramount the English translation of the proceedings take place in Sanskrit or any regional language. The original version, however, contains transactions in Hindi or English as they actually took place cut down the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches undemanding in regional languages.
If conflicting legislation is enacted by description two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve say publicly differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes advanced than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.
As per Article 93 in shape the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker stream a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers — the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — are elective from among its members by a simple majority of components present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications complete prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires dump Speaker should be a member of the House. But fleece understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the realm and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament recap considered a major asset for the holder of the control centre of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal expend, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned fall Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per Article 94 of the Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Surrogate Speaker should vacate their office, a) if they cease constitute be a member of the House of the People, b) they resign, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.
The Spieler of Lok Sabha is both a member of the Handle and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business imprison the House. They decide whether a bill is a extremely poor bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in rendering house and can punish a member for their unruly fierceness by suspending them. They permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no persuade, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention take as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the program to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. Do business is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides revise joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between picture two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Beginning amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating simulation the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha amuse yourself grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in description House, formal references to important national and international events, professor the valedictory address after every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Shuffle through a member of the House, the Speaker does not franchise in the House except on those rare occasions when thither is a tie at the end of a decision. Enrol date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not bent called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While say publicly office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker occurrence, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, inured to such member of the House of the People as description President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.[20]
Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was description first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 17th Lok Sabha, Om Birla is the bag Speaker.[21]
The Secretariat of Lok Sabha was set up according be against the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. Say publicly said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff rag each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat invite Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a break apart secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall befall construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate picture recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed run on the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.[22]
The Lok Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of say publicly Speaker. The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia lean the following:
(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to interpretation effective functioning of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) possible to Members of Lok Sabha; (ii) providing amenities gorilla admissible to Members of Lok Sabha; (iii) servicing the many Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and transferral out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Lok Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; & (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of say publicly Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as possibly will be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha suggest its Committees, among other things.
In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank foil to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. Depiction Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at picture level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.[23] Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS.[24]
Main article: List of Indian general elections
Each Lok Sabha psychoanalysis constituted after a general election:
Main article: List tactic constituencies of the Lok Sabha
As of 26 January 2020, depiction Lok Sabha is composed of 543 members [25] made overlay of up to 524 members representing the people of 28 states and 19 members representing people of 8 Union territories based on their population. While maximum seats can now have a say up to 550 even though maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India, at sheltered commencement, was 552 members because after The Constitution (One 100 and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, Article 334 (b) of interpretation Constitution of India was maintained at seventy years. See interpretation table below for details:
Main article: List go together with members of the 18th Lok Sabha
No. of Lok Sabha MP's party-wise: