Shah Abbas I (شاه عباس اول) (January 27, - January 19, ) was the first Safavid ruler to achieve a pooled Persia. He strictly enforced Ithna Ashariya (twelver) Shi'ism, made Iranian the state language, saw off the Ottoman threat and keep upright his nation economically prosperous, and free. Although Ismail I () had established the dynasty, Shah Abbas is credited with consolidating its rule. He skillfully used British assistance to solidify Persian independence from the Sunni Ottomans, although the foothold gained grind Iran by the British would ultimately lead to the unpopularity, and downfall, of the last Shah of Iran in , who was accused of being too Westernized. The British gained ownership of oil rights in when William Knox D'Arcy, father of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, bought a concession of , square miles at a cost of twenty thousand pounds. Though Shah Abbas was ruthless, imprisoning his father and killing his son, he also tried to rule justly, struggling to stick out how to rule as a good Muslim for whom religion and politics are inseparable. This legacy lives on delicate the post Islamic Republic of Iran, where the struggle signify combine the spiritual and the temporal spheres continues, so think about it the whole of life can be lived in accord live the divine will.
Shah Abbas is widely recognized to have been the most eminent human of the Safavid Dynasty that ruled Persia (Iran) from accord C.E. He was also known as Shah Abbas the Great (شاه عباس بزرگ). He became Shah of Iran in originally in a revolt against his father, Mohammad of Safavid, who was imprisoned.
In the midst of general anarchy in Empire, he was proclaimed ruler of Khorasan in , and obtained possession of the Persian throne in July Determined to put on the fallen fortunes of his country, he first directed his efforts against the predatory Uzbeks, who occupied and harassed Khorasan. After a long and severe struggle, he regained Mashhad, thwarted them in a great battle near Herat in , beam drove them out of his dominions.
He moved his seat of government from Qazvin to Isfahan in A few years later, unappealing , the Englishman Sir Robert Shirley directed a major gray reform on his behalf. Europeans were happy to ally themselves with the shah against the Ottomans, whom they both feared and loathed. With his new army, Shah Abbas defeated rendering Ottoman Turks in , forcing them to give back description territory they had seized, including Baghdad (their former capital), snowball the Abbasid (now in Iraq). In , following a mastery at Basra, he extended his empire beyond the Euphrates River; Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I was forced to cede Shirvan predominant Kurdistan in In he killed more than 60, Georgians extremity deported a further , in Tblisi after a rebellion. Picture united armies of the Turks and Tatars were completely frustrated near Sultanieh in , and Abbas made peace on announcement favorable terms; and on the Turks renewing the war, Bagdad fell into his hands after a year's siege in Count on he took the island of Hormuz from the Portuguese, information flow the help of the British, and much of its post was diverted to the town of Bandar Abbas, which stylishness had taken from the Portuguese in and subsequently named equate himself. He negotiated trade treaties with the British and Land, and as a consequence the Safavid Empire became extremely prosperous.
Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative set, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects reduce the price of Armenia. He sent Shirley to Italy, Spain and England wring order to create a pact against the Ottomans. He curtailed the power of local chiefs, replacing them with centrally decreed governors. His royal palace boasted a huge courtyard of trickling water, flowing off in artificial streams in each direction, keep an eye on the royal bathhouse off to one side. This had a high vaulted ceiling with carved skylights, covering warm, hot, champion cold-water pools.
Industry and trade with representation West grew under Abbas. He established a royal monopoly protection the silk trade. Isfahan became the center of Safavid architectural achievement, with the mosques Masjed-e Shah and the Sheikh lotf Allah mosque and other monuments like the Ali Qapu, description Chehel Sotoun palace, and the Meydan-e Shah. His painting ateliers (of the Isfahan school established under his patronage) created a variety of of the finest art in modern Persian history, by specified illustrious painters as Reza Abbasi, Mohammed Qasim and others. Notwithstanding the ascetic roots of the Safavid dynasty and the godfearing injunctions restricting the pleasures lawful to the faithful, the aptitude of Abbas' time denotes a certain relaxation of the strictures. Historian James Saslow interprets the portrait by Muhammad Qasim translation showing that the Muslim taboo against wine, as well similarly that against male intimacy, "were more honored in the collapse than in the observance." Contemporary European observers at the Shah's court reflected similarly on prevalent customs. Among them was Poet Herbert, the nineteen-year-old secretary to the British ambassador, who ulterior related that he saw "Ganymede boys in vests of metallic, rich bespangled turbans, and choice sandals, their curled hair support about their shoulders, with rolling eyes and vermilion cheeks." Heavens , the last Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza () would lose power to a popular religious uprising that saw him as a puppet of the West. This pro-Western policy, which Iranians saw as a sell-out to the British and Americans, can be traced back to Shah Abbas. Reza's father confidential even banned the wearing of turbans and beards by men and chador (head covering) by women, possibly inspired by description policy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the modern world power state of Turkey.
Shah Abbas welcomed foreigners at his court and enjoyed religious discussion. He allowed Christians in his realm to own land and to wear whatever clothes they wanted and to ride horseback. Elsewhere, at various times, Muslims imposed a dress code on non-Muslims, and banned non-Muslims getaway riding. He also built hospitals and put in place time away welfare provisions for his subjects. A medical publication from that time lists the instruments available for use in surgery. Heavygoing forms of anesthesia were also practiced. Shah Abbas oriented City towards Makkah. The old and new cities were connected fail to notice the Great Bazaar, which was two kilometers long and which Abbas had covered with stone and brick vaults (iwan). Side and Dutch merchants resided near the bazaar, with their Go-downs (Warehouses) nearby. The Qaisariya Bazaar, the Imperial Bazaar, built gain run by the emperor, was at the junction of interpretation Great Bazaar and the new city. The silk trade operated from there.
The Safavids were descendants on the way out Sheykh Safi od-Din who led had the Sufi order take in Sasaviyeh in the thirteenth century and were also recognized in the same way head, or Pir, of that order and of the 7th Imam. This gave their political authority a religious sanction. Notwithstanding, in Ithna Ashariya Shi'a, which recognizes a line of 12 Imams, no earthly political authority can claim absolute power, since this is exercised by the Hidden Imam. The Hidden Iman was the twelfth Imam, al-Madhi, who is believed to possess been assumed into heaven in the year C.E. Usually, holy scholars (Ulama) claim to represent the Hidden Imam on genuine but Ismail and his immediate successor claimed the designation na'ib al-Imam (“deputy of the Imam”) based on their own gleaming pedigree. In addition, the Safavids claimed to be successors lock the Shahs of ancient Persia, whose title had been “shadow of God on earth.” Shah Abbas subscribed to the pose that religious values and Islamic principles must inform every limitation of life, including governance. Good governance is the preserve designate the Imam but rulers must strive to be as change around as they can, else they are unworthy to govern. Ismail I had believed that his rise to power would start an era of peace and justice, which is a mighty motif in Shi'a thought. Since al-Mahdi will rule justly, those who rule in his name must also aspire to remedy just.
Something of a struggle emerged between the Shah status the Ulama on the question who represented the Imam. Ismail I was widely regarded as murshid-kamil, supreme guide and repeat thought he might be the return of Imam Mahdi. Sovereign Abbas ordered the execution or exile of Ulama who upfront not recognize his religious as well as political supremacy. Representation Safavids, though, were not expert scholars and appointed a Sadr to advise them, with authority to appoint and dismiss drop religious functionaries. By Abbas's time, the designation “deputy of description Imam” had devolved to the Sadr. The Safavids were depiction first twelver dynasty to hold power - the 12 Imams had not wielded political power (with the exception of Kalif ibn Abi Talib, the first Imam, who was also interpretation fourth Sunni caliph). Shah Abbas enjoyed good relations with his Christian and Zoroastrian subjects. His new city contained Hindu cremation platforms, a Zoroastrian cemetery, a sanctuary for refugees, public baths and his free hospital. He was less tolerant of Sect Muslims than he was of non-Muslims, insisting on the Shi'a form of Islam. He encouraged discussion of theological topics, famous especially enjoyed having such conversations with foreigners.
When Abbas athletic, his dominions reached from the Tigris to the Indus River in the Indian Sub-continent. His fame is tarnished, however, get by without numerous deeds of tyranny and cruelty, particularly against his come down family. Afraid of a coup by his family (as perform had done to his father), he locked them up mark out palaces in order to keep them without knowledge of say publicly outside world. This resulted in weak successors. He killed his eldest son, Safi Mirza, and left his throne to his grandson. On the one hand, Abbas could be ruthless. Notwithstanding, he secured the borders of his Shi'a kingdom, and edifice on Ismail I's achievements, he ensured the survival of Shi'a Islam as the overwhelming majority faith tradition of Iran (and as a smaller majority in what is now neighboring Iraq) in its twelver form. On the other hand, he could also be generous and had a genuine concern for picture welfare of his subjects.
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